On this day in the year 37 of the common era (CE) the Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, better known as Caligula, meaning little “soldier's” boots, accepts the titles of the principate (1st Citizen), entitled to him by the Senate and the people of Rome; one hundred and fifty-four years later, the Roman emperor Pertinax is assassinated by his Praetorian Guard, who then sell the curial-chair (throne) in an auction to Didius Julianus. One hundred and eighty-one years after that, in 364 CE, the Roman emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens as co-emperor.
On this day in the year 519 CE, pope Hormisdas reunites the Eastern and Western church, ending the Acacian schism at a ceremony held in the cathedral of Constantinople, the Hagia Sophia; one thousand and sixteen years later, the Bloemkamp Abbey (Oldeklooster) is attacked & destroyed in Friesland. Thirty-one years after that, in 1566 CE, the foundation stone is laid by the Knights Hospitaller Grand Master, Jean de Valette for the new city of La Valletta, Malta; three hundred and ninety-four years later, pope John XXIII appoints the first Japanese, African & Filipino cardinals. Fifty-three years after that, in 2013 CE, pope Francis becomes the first pope to wash the feet of women in the Maundy Thursday service.
On this day in 1556 CE, Philip II of Spain is formally crowned king of Spain; two hundred and twenty years later, Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco. One hundred and sixty-three years after that, in 1939 CE, the Spanish Civil War ends as Madrid falls to the Nationalists headed by Francisco Franco.
In 1738 CE the English Parliament sends an address to the king requesting that he demand redress from Spain for the “War of Jenkin's Ear;” thirty six years later, Parliament passes the Coercive Act against the interests of colonial Massachusetts. Eighty years after that, in 1854 CE, Great Britain and France declare war on Russia, expanding the Crimean War.
In 1794 CE, an alliance of forces under the prince of Coburg, defeat the French forces at Le Cateau; on this same day the Louvre opens to the public (although officially opened since August). Fifteen years after that, in 1809 CE, French forces under Marshal Claude Victor defeat the Spanish under General Gregorio Garcia de la Cuesta, killing or wounding eight thousand Spanish soldiers and opening the way to Southern Spain; one hundred and eighty years later, the Louvre Pyramid designed by I. M. Pei is inaugurated by French president François Mitterrand in Paris. Seventeen years after that, in 2006 CE, at least one million union members, students and unemployed take to the streets in France in protest of the government's proposed First Employment Contract law.
In 1795 CE the Duchy of Courland, a northern fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist, it is annexed and becomes part of Imperial Russia during a period known as the “Partitions of Poland.”
In 1796 CE the Bethel African Methodist Church of Philadelphia becomes the first African church in the United States (U.S.); eight years later, the state of Ohio passes laws restricting the movement of black people.
In 1797 CE Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire patents a washing machine; one hundred and twenty-five years later, the first microfilm device is introduced.
In 1802 CE Wilhelm Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second known asteroid; one hundred and forty-seven years later, the English astronomer Fred Hoyle coins the term "Big Bang" in a BBC radio talk while actually arguing for the alternative "steady-state" theory concerning the structure and origin of the material universe. Thirty-six years after that, in 1985 CE, the International Cometary Explorer measures the solar wind ahead of Halley’s comet; eight years later, a Type II supernova is detected in galaxy M81 (NGC 3031).
In 1830 CE the Javanese Prince Diponegoro, leader of resistance against Dutch colonial rule is arrested by Dutch authorities during peace negotiations…because there is no honor among thieves; four years later, the U.S. US Senate censures president Andrew Jackson for taking federal deposits from the Bank of United States.
In 1866 CE the first ambulance goes into service.
In 1871 CE the San Francisco Art Association holds an open reception at 430 Pine.
In 1881 CE the "Greatest Show on Earth" is formed by P. T. Barnum and James Anthony Bailey.
In 1885 CE the Salvation Army officially organized in the United States
In 1891 CE the first World Weightlifting Championship is won by Edward Lawrence in London, England.
In 1910 CE the first seaplane takes off from water under its own power, piloted by Henri Fabre from the Étang de Berre lagoon in Martigues, France; twenty-five years later, Robert Goddard uses gyroscopes to control a rocket. Fifty years after that, in 1985 CE, the STS 51-D vehicle moves to launch it’s pad; two years later, the stacking of Discovery's solid fuel rocket boosters (SRBs) gets underway.
In 1913 CE, Guatemala becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
In 1916 CE the first performance of Hubert Parry's setting, of Wiliam Blake's poem "Jerusalem", is performed by the City of London School choir at a “Fight for Right” meeting at the Queen’s Hall in London, England; forty-eight years later, the first true pirate radio station, England's Radio Caroline, begins regular transmission at noon from the MV Caroline off the coast of Suffolk. On that same day in 1964 CE, Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum in London unveils figures of The Beatles; the waxworks later appear on the Sgt. Pepper’s album cover; eight years later, Elvis Presley records his final Top Ten hit, a cover of "Burning Love", a song written by Dennis Linde, and first recorded by Arthur Alexander. Twenty-two years after that, in 1994 CE, the BBC Radio Five Live broadcasts for first time in United Kingdom (U.K.)
In 1927 CE the Majestic Theater opens at 245 W 44th St, NYC; designed with a modern Spanish exterior and French revival style interior by architect Herbert J. Krapp, it is largest of a theater and hotel development complex by Irving Chanin; forty-four years later, the last original edition of The Ed Sullivan Show is broadcast on CBS-TV. Six years after that, in 1977 CE, Rocky wins Best Picture at the 49th Academy Awards; eight years later, Neil Simon's play "Biloxi Blues" premieres in New York, New York. Thirty-seven years after that, in 2022 CE, Actor Will Smith issues an apology on Instagram to Chris Rock for slapping the Academy Awards host in the face, live on stage during the Awards ceremony.
In 1929 CE a Democratic constitution goes into effect in Ecuador; fifty-three years later, J.N. Duartes' Christian Democrats win elections in El Salvador.
In 1930 CE the Turkish cities of Constantinople and Angora change their names to Istanbul and Ankara; thirty-nine years later, the Greek poet and Nobel Prize laureate Giorgos Seferis makes a famous statement on the BBC World Service opposing the junta in Greece. Forty-four years after that, in 2013 CE, Banks in Cyprus re-open after having been closed for two weeks, when the government agrees to a ten-billion euro bailout deal with the European Union (E.U.) and the International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.)
In 1935 CE the Influential Nazi Propaganda film, Triumph of the Will, commissioned by Adolf Hitler and directed by Leni Riefenstahl, is released and shown at Nuremberg rallies.
In 1940 CE, two Dutch Fokker fighter plane crews shoot down a British RAF bomber near Rotterdam; one year later, during a sea battle at Cape Matapan, the British fleet under Cunningham defeats Italy. One year after that, in 1942 CE, two hundred and thirty-four RAF bombers begin a two-day attack of the city Lübeck, Germany; on this same day, Operation Chariot begins when the obsolete British destroyer HMS Campbeltown, rigged with explosives and flying German flags, rams the gates of the German occupied St Nazaire port in France, and self detonates; the explosion kills three hundred and sixty Germans, and disables the dry dock for duration of the war. Three years after that, in 1945 CE, the last German V-1 (buzz bomb) attack on London, England takes place.
In 1946 CE the U.S. State Department releases the Acheson-Lilienthal Report, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power; twenty-six years later, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) performs nuclear test at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in northeast Kazakhstan. Seven years after that, in 1979 CE, a partial meltdown at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in the United States results in the release of radioactive gas and iodine into the atmosphere…there were no immediate deaths caused by the incident; two years later, France performs nuclear test.
In 1957 CE the first National Curling Championship is held.
In 1959 CE, eleven days after the Tibet uprising, China dissolves Tibet's government and installs the Panchen Lama.
In 1960 CE a whisky distillery catches fire and then explodes in Glasgow, Scotland killing twenty fire-fighters and burying them in the debris; ten years later one thousand and eighty-six people die when a 7.4 earthquake destroys two hundred and fifty-four villages in Gediz Turkey. Thirty years after that, in 2000 CE, in Murray County, Georgia, a school bus is hit by a CSX freight train…killing three children; eighteen years later, at least sixty-eight people die and scores are injured in a fire caused by a riot in the holding-cells at the Carabobo state police headquarters in Valencia, Venezuela. Six years after that, in 2024 CE, a bus crash kills forty-five Easter pilgrims from Botswana in South Africa, with one child surviving a 50 meter drop off the Mmamatlakala bridge, near Mokopane.
In 1962 CE during a Military coup in Syria, President Nazim al-Kudsi flees the country; fifty-one years later, fifteen students are killed and seven injured after a mortar strikes Damascus University.
In 1964 my sister Raney Jill was born.
Also on this day in 1964, the Epstein-Barr virus is discovered, it is the first human tumor virus, identified by pathologists English Anthony Epstein and Yvonne Barr, their findings are published in The Lancet.
In 1967 CE the United Nations Secretary General, U Thant, makes public proposals for peace in Vietnam.
In 1972 CE, Wilt “The Stilt” Chamberlain plays his last professional basketball game.
In 1990 CE, U.S. President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal.
In 1991 CE, Mike Tyson admits paternity in Manhattan Family Court to Kimberly Scarborough's infant daughter.
In 1994 CE, armed Zulus demonstrate in Johannesburg, over fifty-three people are killed; on this same day, Italy's right-wing alliance under Silvio Berlusconi wins election.
In 1995 CE the World's largest bank - Japan's Mitsubishi Bank and the Bank of Tokyo merge.
In 2003 CE, during a "friendly fire" incident, two U.S. A-10 Thunderbolt IIs from the 190th Fighter Squadron, attack British tanks participating in the invasion of Iraq, killing British soldier Matty Hull; fourteen years later, the United States confirms that it is responsible for the air strike in Mosul, Iraq, which led to collapse of a building that killed more than one-hundred civilians.
In 2005 CE, an earthquake in Sumatran rocks Indonesia, at a magnitude of 8.7 it is the second strongest earthquake since 1960; twenty years later, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake, followed by a 6.4 magnitude aftershock, strikes central Myanmar, causing devastating damage across Southeast Asia, leaving more than four thousand four hundred people dead and at least seven thousand injured, with hundreds more gone missing.
In 2009 CE the first cases of H1N1 swine flu in the United States occurs in two human being in California, five years later, two cases of Ebola are reported in Liberia among people who have travelled to Guinea.
In 2014 CE the Russian Federation increases the price of gas to Ukraine by 80%.
In 2017 CE, U.S. president Donald Trump signs an “Energy Independence” executive order undoing Obama climate-control measures; also on this day, the world's largest dinosaur footprint, measuring 1.7 meters, is found in Kimberley, Western Australia.
In 2018 CE, North Korea's Kim Jong-un meets Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Beijing, China. It is his first trip outside of North Korea since coming to power in 2011.
In 2019 CE, a study of a seventy-one-year-old British woman who has never felt pain, reveals for the first time that her condition is due to a genetic mutation; the findings are published in the British Journal of Anaesthesia.
In 2020 CE, U.S. president Donald Trump makes a projection that two hundred and forty thousand American could die from COVID-19, even with restrictions in place…the actual death toll in the United States grows to 1,235,000; two years later, Mexico revises its COVID-19 death toll up by 60% to more than 321,000, giving it the second highest COVID death toll in the world at that time.
In 2022 CE, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signs the so-called "Don't Say Gay" bill limiting classroom instruction and library access to materials relating to LGBTQ identities, social structures and intersectionality.
In 2023 CE, U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris, herself of West African descent, via the Caribbean Islands, visits the former slave port at Cape Coast Castle in Ghana as part of her tour of Ghana, Tanzania and Zambia.
In 2024 CE Sam Bankman-Fried, founder of FTX exchange, is sentenced to twenty-five years in prison after being convicted of fraud, conspiracy and money laundering.
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