On this day in the year 306 of the common era (CE) we mark the martyrdom of saint Adrian of Nicomedia, a Roman guard who was beheaded in an egregious act of human sacrifice, for converting to Christianity; six hundred and thirty-two years later marks the translation of the relics of martyr Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, the patron saint of the Czech state. Five hundred and eighty-four years after that, in 1522 CE, Anne Boleyn makes her debut at the English court at the Green Castle pageant; fifty-eight years later, three Jesuit missionaries arrive at the Mughal royal court of Fatehpur Sikri, at the request of Emperor Akbar to take part in theological discussions at the Ibadat Khana, House of Worship.
On this day in the year 1628 CE, England's king Charles I grants a royal charter to the Massachusetts Bay Colony; fifty-three years later, English Quaker William Penn receives a charter from king Charles II, making him sole proprietor of the colonial American territory of Pennsylvania. One hundred and forty-three years after that, the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck is founded in the United Kingdom, later to be renamed The Royal National Lifeboat Institution.
On this day in 1675 CE John Flamsteed is appointed as the first Astronomer Royal of England; ninety-nine years later, the first sighting of the Orion nebula is made by William Herschel.
In 1789 CE the first United States (U.S.) Congress meets and declares the Constitution in effect, there are nine senators and thirteen representatives present; on this same day, the United States House of Representatives holds its first full meeting at Federal Hall in New York, New York. Frederick Muhlenberg is elected as the first speaker of the house. 1929 Republican Charles Curtis becomes the 1st Native American to be Vice President of the United States
In 1790 CE the nation of France is divided into eighty-three “départements,” which cut across the former provinces in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on noble ownership of land…it did not work then, and it did not work a century and a half later when they attempted this same type of thing as they were de-colonizing.
In 1791 CE Vermont is admitted as the fourteenth state in the Union, the first new state to be brought in after the original thirteen colonies; thirty-one years later Boston residents (those eligible to vote) ratify the charter to convert their town into a city. Fifteen years after that, in 1837 CE, the village of Chicago becomes is incorporated as a city; twenty-six years later, the territory of Idaho is established. Sixty two years after that, in 1925 CE, Swain's Island, a remote coral atoll, is annexed by the United States and incorporated into American Samoa.
In 1793 CE, George Washington's second inauguration of the United States (U.S.) first president takes place in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He gives the shortest inaugural speech of any president with only one hundred and thirty-three words; four years later John Adams is inaugurated as second U.S. president. Four years after that, in 1801 CE, Thomas Jefferson, co-author of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, and former vice-president is inaugurated, becoming the third U.S. president and the first to do so in Washington, D.C.; eight years later, James Madison, co-author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, becomes the fourth U.S. president and the first to be inaugurated in American-made clothes. Sixteen years after that, in 1825 CE, John Quincy Adams is inaugurated as the sixth U.S. president and the first child to be elected to the office after a parent, John Adams, had previously held it; four years later, Andrew Jackson is inaugurated as seventh U.S. president. Eight years after that, in 1837 CE, Martin Van Buren is inaugurated as the eighth president of the United States; four years later, William Henry Harrison is inaugurated. Four years after that, in 1845 CE, James K. Polk becomes the eleventh president, and four years later president-elect Zachary Taylor delays his swearing-in and inauguration ceremony for one day due to religious reasons, Senator David Atchison (President pro Tempe of the Senate), in an unconstitutional move, assumed the office of President for one day, so that the seat would not be vacant…and then denied it; he took no known official action as president, signed no laws and no orders were issued in his name that have been made available to the public. Twelve years after that, in 1861 CE, Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated as the sixteenth U.S. president; four years later, at his second inauguration, after winning the U.S. Civil War, the man who would assassinate him a few weeks later, John Wilkes Booth, is photographed in attendance at the event. Eight years later, Ulysses S. Grant is inaugurated as eighteenth U.S. president; twelve years after that, in 1881 CE, James A. Garfield is inaugurated as the president. Four years later, Grover Cleveland is inaugurated, he is the first president form the Democratic party to be elected since the Civil War; four years after that, in 1885 CE, Benjamin Harrison is inaugurated as the twenty-third U.S. president. Twelve years later, William McKinley inaugurated as twenty-fifth president of the United States; twelve years after that, in 1909 CE, William Howard Taft is inaugurated as the twenty-seventh during a snowstorm that drops ten inches of snow on Washington D.C.. In 1913 CE, Woodrow Wilson becomes the twenty-eighth U.S. president; eight years later, Warren G. Harding is inaugurated as the twenty-ninth. Four years after that, in 1925 CE, president Coolidge's is inaugurated and his speech is broadcast live on twenty-one radio stations, and five years later the Coolidge Damn is opened. In 1929 CE, Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as the thirty-first U.S. President; four years later Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated for the ifrst of four times as the thirty-second president of the United States of America, pledging in his first inaugural address to pull the country out of economic depression, while delivering his famous line: "that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself!"
In 1826 CE the first railroad is chartered in the United States (U.S), Granite Railway in Quincy, Massachusetts; thirty-five years later, U.S. president Abraham Lincoln opens the Government Printing Office. Twenty years after that, in 1881 CE, California becomes the first state to pass legislation regulating the quarantine of plants; seventeen years later, a fire at Lakeview Elementary School in Collinwood, Ohio kills one hundred and seventy-two students and two teachers; the blaze started in the boiler room and trapped its victims in the building, prompting changes in school design and procedures nationwide...far different from the response the nation gives toward safety regulation in relation to gun violence. Eleven years after that, in 1909 CE, the interstate transportation of game birds is prohibited in the U.S.; two years later, Victor Berger, representing the state of Wisconsin, becomes the first socialist congressman to serve in the United States House of Representatives. Two years after that, in 1913 CE, the first law in the U.S. regulating the shooting of migratory birds is passed; on that same day the U.S. Department of Commerce & Labor are split into separate agencies. Eight years later, Hot Springs National Park is created in Arkansas.
In 1861 CE the Confederate states adopt the "Stars & Bars" flag as the symbol of their disastrous rebellion; four years later their treasonous congress approves the final design of their official flag…which they would surrender when they lost their murderous war.
In 1870 CE, on command of Louis Riel of Manitoba, Thomas Scott is executed by a firing squad. Riel rejects all appeals and requests to intervene on Scott’s behalf, wishing to demonstrate to the Canadian government that the Métis People, whom he represented, must be taken seriously. Riel would himself be executed years later after a period of exile in St. Paul, Minnesota and his subsequent capture by the Canadian government. Seven years later, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake has its world premiere, performed by the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow. Four years after that, in 1881 CE, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson begin their first case together in, A Study in Scarlet; thirty-one years later, the first vampire film, Nosferatu, an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker's Dracula, premieres at the Berlin Zoological Garden in Germany. Two years after that, in 1924 CE, the song Happy Birthday to You is published by the Clayton F. Summy Co.
In 1920 CE the last day the Julian calendar is used in Greece civic society is marked.
In 1927 CE, Babe Ruth becomes the highest-paid player in Major League Baseball history when he signs three year, seventy thousand dollar per season contract with the New York Yankees.
1929 National Revolutionary Party founded in Mexico by Plutarco Elías Calles (will go on to hold power until 2000)
In 1930 CE, Emma Fahning becomes the first woman to bowl 300 in a sanctioned match; three years later, Frances Perkins becomes Secretary of Labor, and the first woman to serve in the U.S. cabinet. Forty-nine years after that, in 1982, Bertha Wilson becomes the first woman to sit on the Supreme Court of Canada; fourteen years later, in Brazil the senate allows women to wear slacks.
In 1936 CE the first flight of the airship Hindenburg takes place, departing and returning to Friedrichshafen, Germany; five years later prince Paul, the prince regent of Yugoslavia meets with Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, Bavaria, where he rejects a deal to allow the Nazi's access to Greece. Three years after that, in 1944 CE, the United States begins the bombing of Berlin, Germany; on this same day, Anti-German strikes take place in northern Italy. One year after that, in 1945 CE, Finland declares war on Nazi Germany; on this same day, the United Kingdom's princess Elizabeth (queen Elizabeth II), joins the British Auxiliary Transport Service (A.T.S.) as a driver…to do her bit in the war effort.
In 1954 CE, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, announces the first successful kidney transplant; three years later, the S&P 500 stock market index is introduced, replacing the S&P 90.
In 1959 CE the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's scientific spacecraft, Pioneer 4, misses the Moon and enters a heliocentric orbit, and becomes the second (and the first US) Earth-launched “artificial planet;” three years later, the Atomic Energy Commission announces the first nuclear power plant in operation, in Antarctica.
In 1964 CE the U.S. Teamsters union leader, Jimmy Hoffa, is convicted of jury tampering; two years later John Lennon says of his rock n’ roll outfit, The Beatles, “we are more popular than Jesus…" it is a gross overstatement. Two years after that, in 1968 CE, Joe Frazier takes his record to 20-0 and captures the vacant world heavyweight boxing title, stopping Buster Mathis in 11th round with a technical knock-out at Madison Square Garden in New York, New York; one year later, London East End gang bosses, the twins, Reggie and Ronnie Kray are found guilty of murder; both men will spend the rest of their lives and die in custody. Forty-nine years after that, in 2018 CE, former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia Skripal are poisoned by nerve agent in Salisbury, England by agents of the Russian Federation.
In 1972 CE, a bomb explodes in the Abercorn Restaurant, a crowded dining facility in Belfast, Northern Ireland, killing two civilians and wounding one hundred and thirty people; twenty-nine years later, the Irish Republican Army detonates a bomb in front of the British Broadcasting Company’s Television Centre in London, England, injuring eleven people.
In 1977 CE the first CRAY 1 supercomputer is shipped to Los Alamos Laboratories, New Mexico; one year later, the Chicago Daily News, founded in 1875, publishes it’s last issue.
In 1980 CE, Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) comes to power, winning the parliamentary election in Zimbabwe, making Mugabe Zimbabwe's first African prime minister; Mr. Mugabe would govern Zimbabwe until being deposed in a coup thirty-seven years later.
In 1997 CE the comet Hale-Bopp crosses directly above the sun at 1.04 astronomical units (A.U.) the distance between the sun and the earth; on this same day United States president Bill Clinton bans federally funded research into human cloning. Five years later, Canada bans human embryo cloning but permits government-funded scientists to use embryos leftover from fertility treatments or abortions; twenty-two years after that, France becomes the first country in the world to enshrine access to abortion in its constitution.
In 2024 CE, the United States Supreme Court rules that states can't bar federal candidates, including Donald Trump, from appearing on their ballots under a clause in the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibiting those who had “engaged in insurrection” from ballot access, by failing to acknowledge that the action which Donald Trump promoted and other candidates for office engaged on January 6th, 2021 CE, was in fact an insurrection; one year later United States president Donald Trump, speaks to a joint session of Congress in the second longest speech ever given by a president to the legislative body, ninety-nine minutes, which included a vow the America will acquire Greenland, saying: "we're going to get it - one way or the other."
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