On this day in the year 1587 of the common era (CE), Mary, queen of Scots, is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England at the age of forty-four, after being convicted of plotting to assassinate queen Elizabeth I, a scheme otherwise known as the Babington Plot.
On this day in the year 1807 CE, the Battle of Eylau ends inconclusively between Napoleon's forces and the Russian Empire, this marks the first battle in Napoleon was not victorious.
On this day in 1861 CE the Confederate States of America are organized in Montgomery, Alabama (US Civil War); four years later Martin Robison Delany, is promoted to the rank of Major, the first African-American command officer in the United Sates Army appointed during Civil War. Twenty-two years after that in 1887 CE, the United States Congress passes The Dawes Act authorizing the President of the United States to survey Native American tribal land and divide it into individual allotments in a ploy to weaken tribal solidarity; those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe were granted United States citizenship; seven years later the United States Enforcement Act is repealed making it easier to disenfranchise African-Americans, to deprive them of their right to vote, organize and seek justice before the law. Twenty-two years after that, in 1915 CE the first “twelve-reel” film premiers at Clune's Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith, starring Lillian Gish and Mae Marsh, is widely panned for being a historical revisionist, racist glorification of the confederacy and the Klu-Klux-Klan; ten years later pioneering civil rights activist Marcus Garvy enters federal prison. Nineteen years after that Harry McAlpin becomes the first African-American reporter to be accredited to the white House.
In 1898 CE John Ames Sherman patents the first envelope folding & gumming machine in Massachusetts.
In 1910 CE The Boy Scouts of America is incorporated by William D. Boyce; eight years later Stars & Stripes, the weekly newspaper of the United States armed forces is first published. Six years after that, in 1924 CE the first United States coast-to-coast radio hookup is effected for a speech by General John Joseph Carty given in Chicago. Illinois; four years later the first transatlantic television image is received at Hartsdale, New York. Forty-one years after that, the last issue of the Saturday Evening Post is published. Fifty years after that, the proceedings of the United States Senate are broadcast on radio for the first time.
In 1963 CE the United States performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site; four years later the United States does it again, and again on this day in 1979 CE.
In 1964 CE, United States representative Martha Griffith’s address to congress gets civil rights protection for women added to the 1964 Civil Rights Act; one year later United States president Lyndon Johnson deploys the first combat troops to South Vietnam, with three-thousand five-hundred marines sent to protect the airbase near Da Nang; three years later, highway patrol officers kill three students and injure twenty-seven others demonstrating at South Carolina State University; it is the first student killing by law enforcement in the United States for protesting the Vietnam War and is known as the Orangeburg Massacre. Twelve years after that, Larry Flint, the publisher of Hustler magazine is sentenced on obscenity charges.
In 1965 CE Motown Records release The Supremes' single Stop In the Name of Love; three years later the film Planet of the Apes, based on Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes, premieres in New York City, New York. Six years after that, the television sitcom Good Times, premieres on CBS, a spin-off from the TV series Maude (with B. Arthur), starring Esther Rolle, John Amos and J.J. Walker; two years later Taxi Driver, directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro and Jodie Foster, premieres in NYC, NY and wins the Palme d'Or in 1976.
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